Skinner

1. Skinner's Operant Conditioning: reinforcement and punishment in a individual changes the individual's behavioral tedencies.

2. Reinforcement: always increases the probability of a specific response in a individual.

3. Punishment: always increases the possibility to behavior to decrease.

4. In positive punishment or reinforcement something is given, while in negative punishment or reinforcement something is taken away. 


http://allpsych.com/psychology101/reinforcement.html 

Edward Thorndike

1. Thorndike's puzzle-box experiment, it consisted of placing a cat in a puzzle-box and abserve the cat's behavior towards escaping the maze to get food.

2. Thorndike's "Law of Effect", if action bring consequences, consequences determines future behavior.

3. Thorndike's "Law of Exercise", in learning, the more frequently a stimulus and response are associated with each other, the more likely the particular response will follow the stimulus. 




http://www.answers.com/topic/law-of-exercise

John B. Watson

1. Watson exposed “little Albert” to rats, cats, dogs, monkeys and other furry things, which caused no fear to “little Albert”. After, produced loud noises every time “little Albert” saw a furry object. “Little Albert” was afraid of furry objects because he made a relationship between furry objects and loud scary noises. This experiment was an example of stimulus generalization.

2. The conditioned stimulus is: the rat, the unconditioned stimulus is: the loud noise, and the conditioned response: “little Albert” crying.

3. Two limitations for this study are: 1. Not all people respond the same way to a stimulus, and Watson only performed this experiment with “little Albert”. 2. Watson used unethical means in this experiment therefore it cannot be replicated.

4. Watson’s law of frequency states that the more often two things are associated, the connection between the two things will be stronger.

5. Watson’s law of recency states: "The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus."

6. Behaviorism: Watson through his experiments determined that: our environment determines all behavior whatsoever. For instance, the fear Watson “taught” little Albert.


http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html

Ivan Pavlov

1. Pavlov was actually studying the gastric functions of dogs by surgically externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect and analyze the saliva, and the response saliva had to food in different conditions. 

2. The experiment Pavlov conducted was: Dog was brought food to measure salivation; a noise was made before the food was actually given to the dog. Pavlov noticed the dog salivated before the food arrived. He concluded that the dog associated the noise with the food and that was why he salivated.

3. The conditioned stimulus of this experiment is: the food, the unconditioned stimulus is: the noise, and the conditioned response is: salivation.

4. Extinction in relation to classical conditioning: a gradual weakening and eventually disappearance of the conditioned response tendency. Extinction occurs from multiple presentations of conditioned response without the unconditioned stimulus.

5. Stimulus generalization in relation to classical conditioning: a response to a specific stimulus becomes associated to other stimuli (similar stimuli) and now occurs to those other similar stimuli.

6. Stimulus discrimination in relation to classical conditioning: learning to respond to one stimulus and not another.

7. Two limitations of this experiment are: 1. He had surgically changed salivation, this makes the experiment difficult to reconstruct. 2. He did not give food to animals so when the time of the experiment arrived they were hungry.

8. Pavlov theorized that we learn by associating sound, noises or signs to different meanings, for example a red light in a stoplight.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov

Analysis:Delayed School Start Time Associated With Improvements in Adolescent Behaviors

When school starts early:

ScienceDaily published a study by Judith A. Owens and his colleagues from the Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence. They  studied 201 students in grades 9 through 12 attending a high school in Rhode Island. Because of the study, class start time was delayed 30 minutes, from 8 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. Students were required to complete the online retrospective Sleep Habits Survey before and after the change in school start time. The study showed that students sleeping less than seven hours of sleep decreased 79.4 %, with at least eight hours of sleep increased from 16.4 % to 54.7 %. Students unhappy or depressed decreased from 65.8 % to 45.1%, "grumpy" students also decreased from 84 % to 62.6 %. The visits to the nurse decreased from 15.3% to 4.6%. I think it is conclusive that late starts help student achieve personal as well academic stability, they´re more benefits from a late start than from an early dismissal.


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100705190532.htm
http://blogs.consumerreports.org/.a/6a00d83451e0d569e2010536e15754970b-800wi

Analysis: Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA

ScienceDaily researched about GPA results of students from high-school to college, and the time they sleep. The study was based on data from 89 students (between 17 and 20 years old) preparing to begin college and 34 of those students as they completed their first year at a liberal arts college. Evening type students or those who say they feel more alert and do their work later in the day have less sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene refers to regular bedtime routine, a regular wake time, a regular bed time, and sleeping in a comfortable bed. Results indicated that evening types had lowered their GPA to (2.84)in their first year in college while morning types to (3.18). These evening-type students showed a greater decrease in GPA in their transition from high school to college their GPA grades dropped .98 GPA points, while others only dropped .69 GPA points. Evening types also slept 41 minutes less than other students on school days. I think that one should homework once they arrive home, because if not you could risk forgetting the homework or doing poorly on it is also a good idea to do work ahead of time.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090609072813.htm
http://universityblog.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/studying-late-1-photo-by-lusi-584465_70582198.jpg?w=500

Analysis: Starting High School One Hour Later May Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents

In a study conducted by ScienceDaily, they hypothized that starting high shool one hour later may reduce adoloscent car crashes in the morning. When school started one hour later students averaged from 12 min to 30 min more sleep daily. The % of students who got at least eight hours of sleep in a school day increased 35.7 % to 50 %; students with nine hours of sleep increased 6.3 % to 10.8%. The average amount of sleep during day in the weekend decreased from 1.9 hours to 1.1 hours. Sleepy people in school decreased, according to students involved in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Average crash rates for teen drivers in  two years after the change in start time decreased 16.5% compared to the two years before the change in school start. Students took tests which tested daytime functions in 1998 and 1999 in Kansas due to the results student had in the test , high schools and middle schools started one hour later. The conclusion from ScienceDaily was: "As a result, adolescents get an inadequate amount of sleep due to early school start times, which increases their daytime sleepiness and may in turn increase their odds of crashing their vehicles while driving." I think this article is trua and school not only in USA should follow the rule adopted in districts in Kansas. I think that educationally students will also improve if school starts some time later.


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215074351.htm
http://cdn.babble.com/strollerderby/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ip_teen_driving.jpg